This is the original component list of the MK14 processor board.
IC’s
MK14 Board component list
IC1, IC2 DM74S571
IC3 DM74S571
CPU 1SP-8A/600(8060)
IC4 MM2111-1N 256 x 4 RAM
IC5 MM2111-1N 256 × 4 RAM
IC6 MM2111-1N 256 x 4 RAM
IC7 MM2111-1N 256 x 4 RAM
IC8 INS8154N
IC9 DM74LS157
IC10 DM74LS157
IC11 DM80L95
IC12 DM74LS173
IC13 DM7445
IC14 DM7408
IC15 Dm7408
IC16 DM74LS08
IC17 DM74LS00
IC18 DM74LS04
IC19 LM340
Crystal 4.433619 MH2
In 1976 Intel and NEC agreed that NEC could make second source chips from Intel and NEC also made and 8022 from Intel. The 8022 is as standard
MCS-48 series chip and has a modified Harvard architecture, with 2K × 8 ROM 64 × 8 RAM + A/D-converter. I cannot find any datasheet on this chip.
In 1976 Intel introduced the MCS-48 microcontroller series, its first members were 8048, 8035 and 8748. In the beginning these chips were using NMOS
technology, later they became available in CMOS technology. The MCS-48 series has a modified Harvard architecture, with internal or external program
ROM and 64–256 bytes of internal (on-chip) RAM. The I/O is mapped into its own address space, separate from programs and data.The MCS-48 series was
later replaced by the very successful MCS-51 series but the chips are still used in cheap consumer electronics devices such as TV remotes, computer
keyboards. and toys. Compared to the standard 8048 the 8035 has no internal ROM and 64 x 8 bytes internal RAM memory.
The 8039 is also a member of the MCS-48 processor family. Compared to the standard 8048 the 8039 equals to a 8035 and has no internal ROM and
128 x 8 bytes internal RAM memory on chip.
The 8041 is also a member of the MCS-48 processor family and it use is a Universal Peripheral Interface 8 bit Slave Microcontroller. It has
1024 x 8 ROM and 64 x 8 RAM on chip. The 8041 is essentially a ‘‘slave’’ microcontroller, or a microcontroller with a slave interface included
on the chip. Interface registers are included to enable the UPI device to function as a slave peripheral controller in the MCS Modules and iAPX
family, as well as other 8-, 16-, and 32-bit systems.
The 8741 is also a member of the MCS-48 processor family and it use is a Universal Peripheral Interface 8 bit Slave Microcontroller. It has
1024 x 8 EPROM and 64 x 8 RAM on chip. The 8741 is essentially a ‘‘slave’’ microcontroller, or a microcontroller with a slave interface included
on the chip. Interface registers are included to enable the UPI device to function as a slave peripheral controller in the MCS Modules and iAPX
family, as well as other 8-, 16-, and 32-bit systems.
I have four D8741 from NEC and two D8741 from Intel in my collection.
The 8042 is also a member of the MCS-48 processor family and it use is a Universal Peripheral Interface 8 bit Slave Microcontroller. It has
4096 x 8 ROM and 256 x 8 RAM on chip. The 8042 is essentially a ‘‘slave’’ microcontroller, or a microcontroller with a slave interface included
on the chip. Interface registers are included to enable the UPI device to function as a slave peripheral controller in the MCS Modules and iAPX
family, as well as other 8-, 16-, and 32-bit systems.
The 8748 is also a member of the MCS-48 processor family. Compared to the standard 8048 the 8748 has 1Kb x 8 bytes PROM and 64 x 8 bytes
internal RAM memory on chip, and 27 I/O lines.
The 8050 is also a member of the MCS-48 processor family. Compared to the standard 8048 the 8039 has 4K x 8 ROM and 256 × 8 RAM memory on chip.
In 1971 Intel created the first real microcessor chip the Intel 4004. It is a legendary chip amd not many are available nowadays.
In 1972 Intel introduced their second real microcessor chip the Intel 8008. It is also a legendary chip amd not many are available nowadays.
In 1974 the RCA 1802 (COSMAC 8-bit microprocessor family) became available, the processor design began in 1973. Most processors of that time were NMOS,
the 1802 was implemented in CMOS and used static logic. It did not have that much success for microcomputers and the company designed a (DIY) single board simple
computer called the COSMAC ELF, with switches to enter code and data and two hexadecimal LED displays. It was used as embedded controller especially aerospace and the
Hubble Space Telescope. The 1802 also ran the Galileo probe to Jupiter in 1989. Some computers were based on the 1802 like some ELF based systems, the
COMX-35 home computer and Telmac home computers in Finland only. The COMX-35 was the only computer that I knew and saw working. It is a funny but a little
strange processor.
In 1974, together with the MC6800 family Motorola introduced a PIA (Peripheral Interface Adapter) like the MC6820 as a 40 pin DIP chip to support the 6800
processor. It provided 20 I/O lines (two 8-bit bidirectional ports and 4 control lines for handshaking and interrupt generation. The MC6820 was used in the
Apple I to interface the ASCII keyboard and the display. It was also used in electronic pinball machines, the Atari 400 / Atari 800 and Commodore PET.
In 1974 Intel introduced the 8080 processor, and 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and it was an extended and enhanced variant of the earlier
8008 design. The 8080 needs two support chips to function: the i8224 clock generator/driver and the i8228 bus controller. The first version was implemented in
NMOS and needed a +12 V and a −5 V and + 5 voltage. With its full 16-bit address bus it could access 64 KB of memory. It had a good competitor in the Z80, that
was binary compatible and had a lot of more instructions and registers. It was used in the Altair 8800 and S-100 bus personal computers and it was the base for
the CP/M operating system until the Z80 took over.
In 1974 Intel produced some support chips for their 8080 processor and the 8224 chip was a single chip clock generator for the 8080 processor. It included circuits
to provide power-up reset, status strobe and sync of ready. It was mend to reduce the chip count of 8080 based computers.
In 1974 Intel produced some support chips for their 8080 processor and the 8212 was an I/O chip designed for the Intel 8080/8085 processors. The device
comes in a 24-pin DIL package. Its main function is an 8-bit latch and an interrupt request flip-flop. It was mend to reduce the chip count of 8080 based
computers.
In 1974 Motorola introduced the 6800 processor, it is an 8-bit microprocessor and one of the first that only needed a single 5V power supply. The 6800
has a 16-bit address bus that can directly access 64 KB of memory and an 8-bit bi-directional data bus. It has 72 instructions with seven addressing
modes for a total of 197 opcodes. The 6800 was popular in computer peripherals, test equipment applications and point-of-sale terminals. It also
found use in arcade games and pinball machines.
In 1975 MOS Technology introduced the 6502 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by a small team led by Chuck Peddle, a team that had formerly worked at Motorola
on the Motorola 6800 project. The 6502 is essentially a simplified, less expensive and faster version of the 6800 design. It was cheap and the biggest competitor
of the Z80 processor. I never used this processor, for me it was inferior to the Z80, with no I/O (only memory mapped I/O) and a very limited instruction set. But
the processor became very popular in systems like the Atari 2600, Atari 8-bit family, Apple II, Nintendo Entertainment System, Commodore 64, Atari Lynx, and the
BBC Microcomputer. Today the CMNOS version is still used in embedded systems. The difference between the 6502 and the 6502A is that the A version runs at 2 Mhz
and the normal 6502 version at 1Mhz.
I have two 40 pins DIL processors MOS6502 and UM6502A, but it is still not my favorite processor.
In 1975 Rockwell introduced the R6532 (RIOT) Ram, I/O, Timer chip, that contained 128 x 8 bytes static ram, two 8 bit bidirectional data ports and a programmable timer
with interrupt capabilities. It was 6500 / 6800 bus compatible and I found the use of this chip in electronic pinball machines at that time and I know that the Atari 2600 used one.
Am2900 is a family of integrated circuits (ICs) created in 1975 by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). There is something special about this chip, the Am2900 family
was able to implement a CCU with data, addresses, and instructions to be any multiple of 4 bits by multiplying the number of ICs. The Am2901 chip was the
arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), and the “core” of the series. It could count using 4 bits and implement binary operations as well as various bit-shifting operations.
The 2901 and some other chips in the family were second sourced by an unusually large number of other manufacturers and was still in production in 2016.
The Signetics 2650 was introduced in July 1975 and it was an 8-bit microprocessor with a rather odd design. Because of the rather odd design and the
complex and odd memory access the processor was not used in commercial products that often. Actually the chip was designed in 1972 and the designer
selected the IBM 1130 as the model. But due to high chip production for Dolby the processor was only introduced in 1975. Advanced features were
status bits that were used to track the status of input/output devices and vectored interrupts. The 2650’s processor registers were divided into
two sets of three index registers, with a single global register R0 used as the accumulator. It had an odd address bus that was only 15 bits wide
and had some paging bits as well so only 8 KB could be addressed directly.
The Z80 (my first love as a processor) design started in 1974 when Federico Faggin left Intel to start the Zilog company with Ralph Ungermann. Faggin previously
worked as chief designer on, among others, the Intel 4004 and the 8080 processor. The Z80 is an 8 bit processor and officially released in 1976. The processor is
opcode compatible with Intel’s 8080 (which was a very slim move), but had more instructions, registers and addressing methods. The Z80 was designed for use in
computer terminals, printers, cash registers, but many home computers have also been produced based on the Z80 computer such as the TRS80, the Sinclair computer
series, the Philips P2000 and the well-known MSX computers. Even today there is still a club of avid hobbyists who build designs for the Z80 microprocessor.
The chip is still available. The Z80 processor was the main processor in my first TRS80 computer, the Sinclair ZX81, the Sinclair Spectrum, the MSX1 and MSX2
computer and the CP/M systems and embedded machine control units at my first job.
This chip is basically just a digital parallel I/O port chip. You can configure the individual port pins as digital inputs or outputs and then use them for
whatever you want. The A/B input selects between either PortA or PortB and the C/D input selects between either the control register or the data register. The
control registers are used to configure the ports and the data registers are used to read/write the actual data. By connecting these to A0 and A1 one can access
the desired register using the address bus in an I/O read or write. The least significant bit of the memory address A0 then seledts the port A or B and the A1
line selects between the data and the control registers. With an address decoder you can put this chip anywhere in the I/O addressing space. In a lot of systems
this chip was used to add a parallel printer port to the Z80 system. But the chip can also handle digital inputs from switches and can be used to driver
signaling LEDs. One of the unique features of the Z80-PlO is that all data transfer between the peripheral device and the CPU can be accomplished
under total interrupt control even with nested interrupts. The the PlO can be programmed to interrupt if any specified peripheral alarm conditions
should occur. This interrupt capability reduces the amount of time that the processor has to spend in polling peripheral status.You can still buy
this chip and it costs only a few dollars.
Together with the Z80 processor Zilog also produced some support chips and one of these chips was the Z80 SIO. It is basically a two channel serial input / output
device, with all control logic on board. Because a lot of Z80 systems were using a serial console for input and output, this was an important chip. It is a perfect
match with the Z80.
Together with the Z80 processor Zilog also produced some support chips and one of these chips was the Z80 CTC. The Z80 CTC is a four-channel counter/timer that can be
programmed by system software for a broad range of counting and timing applications. These four independently programmable channels can be used for system event counting,
interrupt and interval timing, and clock rate generation.
In 1976, National Semiconductor released the INS8060 or SC/MP (pronounced scamp) processor as a Simple Cost-effective Micro Processor. The processor had a few odd
quirks like a 12 bit program counter and four bank switch address bits on the data port and the odd ability to use one control pin to control three processors on
a single set of memory making it very easy to create a multiprocessor system. It also had to reduce costs a 1 bit ALU so the processor was not really fast. But
it was a nice simple design and the well-known electronics magazine Elektuur built several systems along. This was my first encounter with a microprocessor.
Sinclair released a board called MK14 with an SC/MP processor on it. In front of to the hobbyist it was a nice and relatively cheap processor, in the industry
it did not catch on. I bought one but at the last minute the buyer doubled the price, so I still do not have one.
In 1976 Intel introduced the 8085 8-bit microprocessor that was software-binary compatible with the Intel 8080 with only two minor instructions added. The 5 in
the part number was because the 8085 used only a single +5 V power supply, unlike the 8080 that required +5 V, −5 V and +12 V. The processor was a competitor
(Intel ‘s answer to) the very popular Z80 processor. The 8085 was often used as microcontroller in embedded systems thanks to its built-in serial I/O and
five prioritized interrupts, features that the Z80 CPU did not have. It was used in the famous VT102 terminal and the TRS-80 Model 100. The processor was
also cloned in the Soviet Union and also NASA used it in several space missions. I never used it, I was a Z80 fan.
In 1974, together with the MC6800 family Motorola introduced a PIA (Peripheral Interface Adapter) like the MC6820 as a 40 pin DIP chip to support
the 6800 processor. It provided 20 I/O lines (two 8-bit bidirectional ports and 4 control lines for handshaking and interrupt generation. In 1976 Motorola
switched the MC6800 family to a depletion-mode technology so the MC6820 became the MC6821. The MC6820 was used in the Apple I to interface the ASCII keyboard
and the display. The Tandy Color Computer used two MC6821s to provide I/O access to the video, audio and peripherals.
In June 1976 Texas Instruments introduced the TMS9900 processor and it was one of the first commercially available, single-chip 16-bit microprocessors. It
implemented Texas Instruments’ TI-990 minicomputer architecture in a single-chip but the 64-pin DIP format made it more expensive to implement in smaller
machines than the more common 40-pin DIP chips. It was used in the Texas Instruments own home computer the TI-99/4. It has a little strange architecture
compared to other microprocessors of that time, given its origin from a mini-computer.
In 1976 (as far as I know) Intel introduced the P8274 Multi Protocol Serial Controller. It had two independent full duplex transmitters and receivers,
it could do asynchronous, Byte synchronous and Bit synchronous operation and was fully compatible with the 8048, 8051, 8085, 8088, 8086 CPU’s.
It supported 4 independent DMA channels.
In 1976 AMD introduced the P8253 Programmeble Interval Timer chipas as a licensed Intel second source. The P8253 is a programmable interval timer/counter
specially designed for Intel processors that can be treated as a series of I/O ports for access.
The Intel 3242 is an address multiplexer and refresh counter for multiplexed address dynamic rams. The chip a 7-bit refresh counter that is
externally controlled so it can support distributed and burst refresh. It is often used together with 2116 dram chips.
In 1977 AMD reverse engineered the Intel 8080 processor and created the Am9080 a chip that could replace the 8080 chip. It was
originally produced without license but later an agreement was made with Intel to become a licensed second source for the 8080.
It is not a very common chip to find.
In 1977 Motorola introduced the 6802 processor based on the already famous 6800 design. It was a 8-bit microprocessor and it had a 16-bit address bus that
could directly access 64 KB of memory. The 6800 processor has 72 instructions with seven addressing modes for a total of 197 opcodes. The MC6802 included
128 bytes of RAM and an internal clock oscillator on chip.
In 1977 Motorola introduced the MC14500B (ICU) to replace relay systems and programmable logic controllers and serial data manipulation. The processor supports
16 commands and is operating at a frequency of 1 MHz. It does not have a program counter (PC), instead, a clock signal drives a separate chip that also determines
the supported memory size. The ICU architecture seems to be similar to that of the DEC PDP-14 computer.
In 1977 Motorola introduced the MC6845 Display controller and it was widely used in 8-bit computers during the 1980s. It was originally designed for
the Motorola 6800 CPU but used for many more processors like the Zilog Z80 and MOS 6502. It was not a one in all solution, it needed other chips to
function and the implementation of that hardware is entirely up to the designer. It was used in the BBC Micro, Amstrad CPC, and Videx VideoTerm display
cards for the Apple II. It was also used in early graphics adapter cards for the IBM PC like the MDA, Hercules Graphics Card and Color Graphics Adapter (CGA).
In 1977 MOS Technology introduced the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA), as an I/O port controller for the 6502 family of microprocessors. It provided two
bidirectional 8-bit parallel I/O ports, two 16-bit timers and an 8-bit shift register for serial communications. The 6522 was widely used in computers of the
1980s, particularly Commodore’s machines, the Apple III, Oric-1 and Oric Atmos, BBC Micro, Victor 9000 / Sirius 1, the Apple Macintosh and the Vectrex game console.
In 1977 Intel introduced the P8155 as support chip for the 8085 (and 8088) processor. It contains 2038 bits (256 x 8 bytes) static Ram, two programmeble 8 bit I/O
ports and one 6 bit programmeble I/O port and a 14 bit programmeble timer / counter. It was an attempt of Intel to lower the chip count in 8085 and 8088 designs.
The Intel 8243 contains four 4-bit I/O ports which serve as an extension to the on-chip I/O and are addressed as port 4 to 7. This chip is specially
designed for the 8048 processor and supports transfer from accumulator to port, port to accumulator, AND accumulator to port and OR accumulator to port.
The MK3870 is an 8-bit microcontroller and a single chip implementation of Fairchild F8. The microcontroller includes up to 4 KB mask-programmable ROM, 64 bytes
scratchpad RAM and up to 64 bytes executable RAM. The MCU also integrates 32-bit I/O and programmable timer. There was also a MK38P70 development version of
the 3870 MCU that supported external EPROM chip. It was used in the Heathkit Aircraft Navigation Computer OCW-1401 that was basically a special calculator.
In 1978 Motorola introduced the 6809, an 8-bit microprocessor with some 16-bit features. It was source compatible with Motorola 6800 but offered some good improvements.
Compared to other popular processors of that time it was very expensive (4 times the price of a Z80). It was used in the TRS-80 Color Computer, Dragon 32/64, SuperPET,
the famous Vectrex game console, and some arcade machines. I have never programmed this processor, but it is nice to have one.
In 1978 Motorola also introduced the 6803, an 8-bit microprocessor with some 16-bit features. It was source compatible with Motorola 6800 but offered some good
improvements like the 6801 and 6802. The MC6803 had no ROM and fewer different bus configurations. I have never programmed this processor, but it is nice to have one.
In 1978 Motorola also introduced the 6840, the MC6840 programmable counter had three 16-bit binary counters that could be used for frequency measurement,
event counting, or interval measurement.
In 1978 Intel released the 8086 processor, the 8086 was also called iAPX 86 and it is a 16-bit microprocessor. The 8086 was the base
of all x86 architecture that became Intel’s most successful line of processors. I used this processor a lot and the segment registers that Intel used
in the 8086 CPU’s to access one megabyte of memory was a “pain in the ass” for many programmers. I used to replace the Intel processors
by the NEC version.
In 1978 Intel also introduced the 8087 Floating-point Co-Processor, it is the math coprocessor for the Intel 8086 series of microprocessors. The popularity
of the 8087 got a real boost when IBM included a coprocessor socket on the IBM PC motherboard. The development of the 8087 led to the IEEE 754-1985 standard
for floating-point arithmetic. 
In 1978 by General Instrument introduced the AY-3-8910 sound chip. It is a 3-voice programmable sound generator (PSG). The AY-3-8910 and its variants were
used in many arcade games and pinball machines but it was also the typical sound chip in the Intellivision and Vectrex video game consoles, the Amstrad CPC,
Oric-1, Colour Genie, MSX, and later ZX Spectrum home computers. It was also used in the Mockingboard and Cricket sound cards for the Apple II and the
Speech / Sound Cartridge for the TRS-80 Color Computer. After General Instrument’s spinoff of Microchip Technology in 1987, the chip was sold for a few years
under the Microchip brand. It was also manufactured under license by Yamaha as the YM2149F, the Atari ST uses this version. 
In 1978 Texas Instruments introduced the SN76477 complex sound generator. The chip is typically used as a sound effects generator in arcade games
and toys. The use of the SN76477 in a musical context is limited by the fact that it was difficult to electronically control the pitch of the
produced sound. The SN76477 generates complex audio combining the outputs of a LFO, VCO and noise generator, through an envelope ADSR. The sound
generation is controlled by supplying control voltages, logic levels and different resistor and capacitor values.
In 1979 Motorola introduced the 68000 processor, a 16/32-bit complex instruction set computer (CISC) microprocessor. It has a 32-bit instruction set, 32-bit registers
and a 16-bit internal data bus, the address bus is 24 bits and it uses a 16-bit ALU. The processor was used in a few high end computers like the Macintosh, Amiga and
Atari ST, and the Mega Drive console. All of these were known because of their great graphic capabilities. These system were too expensive for me at the time and so
I have never programmed a 68000 processor, but I have one MC68000P12 processor. Nowadays the 68000 architecture is still in use.
Intel introduced the Intel 8088 on June 1, 1979, the processor has an eight-bit external data bus instead of the 16-bit bus of the 8086. The 16-bit registers
and the one megabyte address range are unchanged, it was intended to be a version of the 8086 for cheaper system. The original IBM PC used the 8088 at a clock
frequency of 4.77 MHz. Some of IBM’s engineers wanted another (better) processor but Intel offered the best price. This processor was the beginning of the whole
x86 processor range of Intel.
In 1979 Texas Instruments introduced the TMS9918 video display controller (VDC). This is a famous video processor that was used in a lot of systems like the
ColecoVision, CreatiVision, Memotech MTX, MSX, SG-1000/SC-3000, Spectravideo, Sord M5, Sega game gear, Texas Instruments TI-99/4 and the Casio PV-2000. The TMS9918
generates both grid-based character graphics (used to display text or background images) and sprites used for moving foreground objects. I have used this
processor and programmed it in my first MSX-1 computer. The TMS9928 and TMS9929 are variants of the TMS9918. 
In 1979 Texas Instruments also introduced the TMS9118 video display controller (VDC). This is a lesser used famous video processor that was used in some MSX-1 computers.
The TMS9118 is a variant of the TMS9918 with a different external ram configuration of 16K x 4 ram chips.
In 1979 Motorola introduced the MC6847P video display controller (VDC). It was used in the TRS-80 Color Computer, Dragon 32/64, Laser 200, TRS-80 MC-10,
NEC PC-6000 series, Acorn Atom, and it is a relatively simple display generator compared to other display chips of the time. It is capable of displaying
text and graphics contained within a roughly square display matrix 256 pixels wide by 192 lines high. The ROM includes a 5 x 7 pixel font, compatible
with 6-bit ASCII. Effects such as inverse video or colored text are possible. It is capable of displaying nine colors. The low display resolution was
a necessity of using television sets as display monitors. 
In 1979 Mullard introduced the SAA5050, a character generator chip for implementing the Teletext character set. The SAA5050 was used in teletext-equipped
television sets, viewdata terminals, and microcomputers like the Philips P2000, Acorn System 2 and BBC Microcomputer. The chip generated appropriate
video output for a 7-bit input character code representing the current character on the text line, full-screen resolution generated by the SAA5050
was 480×500 pixels, corresponding to 40×25 characters.
The SAA5051 is also a character generator chip for implementing the Teletext character set, with a German characterset. The SAA5051 was used in teletext-equipped
television sets, viewdata terminals, and microcomputers. The chip generated appropriate video output for a 7-bit input character code representing the current
character on the text line, full-screen resolution generated by the SAA5051 was 480×500 pixels, corresponding to 40×25 characters.
In 1979 Zilog introduced the Z8 microcontroller architecture. One of the features is up to 4,096 fast on-chip registers which may be used as accumulators, pointers
or as ordinary random-access memory (RAM). A 16-bit address space for between 1 kB and 64 kB of either PROM, ROM or flash memory and there is even a second 16-bit
address space. On chip peripherals include analog-to-digital converter, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus and I²C channels, IrDA encoders / decoders etc.
There are versions with from 8 up to 80 pins and a lot of different packages.
This chip is an Intel Multifunction microprocessor support controller with a SIO (Serial interface) and PIO (Parallel interface), timers and an Interrupt controller
all in one chip. I do not know the year it cam out and I never used one but I have calculated it came ouit around 1979. 
This chip is a PIO ( parallel Input Output) device from NEC with 24 programmable I/O lines. It can be used in the same way as an Z80 PIO. I do not know
the year it cam out and I never used one but I have calculated it came ouit around 1979. NEC produced all Intel chips as second source under licence since 1976.
The 8259 is a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) designed for the Intel 8085 and Intel 8086 microprocessors. The 8259 combines multiple interrupt input sources
to a single interrupt output to the host microprocessor, expanding the interrupt levels available in a system.
The 8259A was the interrupt controller for the ISA bus in the IBM PC and IBM PC AT and IBM also used the NEC chips for this.
NEC produced all Intel chips as second source under licence since 1976.
The uPD765AC from NEC is a an LSI floppy disk controller (FDC) chip which contains the circuitry and control functions for interfacing a processor to 4 floppy
disk drives. . It is capableof either IBM 3740 singledensity format (FM), or IBM System 34 double density format (MFM) including double-sided recording.
The UPB8214 from NEC is an eight-level priority interrupt controller, designed to simplify interrupt driven microcomputer systems. The interrupt structure
of the microcomputer system can be expanded beyond eight interrupt levels by cascading UPB8214s.
The INS8243 is a n I/O expander specially designed for the INS8048 / INS8049 and INS8050 processors. It consists of five, four bit bidirectional
I/O ports in a 24 DIP package. 
The Intel 8251 is a standard Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (USART) designed for the MCS-48, 8080, 8085, 8086 and 8088 processors.
NEC produced all Intel chips as second source under licence.
The AM2964 from AMD is a Dynamic Memory Controller (DMC), it has two 8 bit latches to hold the memory addresses. It also has a refresh counter to update
the refresh of the 16K or 64K dynamic rams.
The Intel 8089 is a microprocessor dedicated for inpu/outpu processing. It is made for the 8088 and 8086 processors and the chip performs
the function of an inteliogent DMA controller for the Intel iAPX 86 family. It can operate completely parallel with the CPU giving dramaticly
improved I/O performance. The chip has two I/O channels supporting a transferrate up to 1.25 mbyte/sec. It is not a very common chip.
In 1980 Intel released the 8031 (family of the 8051) microcontroller and I have have used this one in my first modem design with and external eprom. The 8031 is just like
the 8051 an eight bit CISC processor. The 8031 had no rom and only 128 bytes ram on board which was a big challenge for the programmer. By default, the processor had a
number of Timers multiple interrupt lines and an internal serial uart on board and many programmable I/O pins. The processor wasn’t expensive and was used as a central
processor in many devices. Even today this processor is still used and it still is available.
I have several types of this processor like original Intel P8031, a SAB8031 (Siemens) and P80C321 (AMD)
In 1980 Intel released the 8051 microcontroller and I have designed many circuits and devices (modems) with this processor myself. The 8051 is an eight bit CISC processor
that has been marketed in many types, also by many other manufacturers of which Atmel is the is best known. The system normally had 4 kb rom and 256 bytes ram on board
which was a big challenge for the programmer. But there could also 64 kb of ROM and 64 kb of RAM can be connected externally, sacrificing many I/O pins. By default, the
processor had a number of Timers multiple interrupt lines and an internal serial uart on board and many programmable I/O pins. The processor wasn’t expensive either
and was used as a central processor in many devices. Even today this processor is still used and it still is available.
In 1980 Intel released the P8344AH, another variant of the 8051 microcontroller The 8051 is an eight bit CISC processor
that has been marketed in many types, also by many other manufacturers of which Atmel is the is best known. This chip has 4 kb rom and 192 bytes ram on board
which is a big challenge for the programmer. But there could also 64 kb of ROM and 64 kb of RAM can be connected externally, sacrificing many I/O pins. By default, the
processor had a number of Timers multiple interrupt lines and an internal serial uart on board and many programmable I/O pins. The processor wasn’t expensive either
and was used as a central processor in many devices.
The Intel P8044 is the same as the P8344, but has on chip 4Kb factory masked rom on board.
The Intel C8744 is the same as the P8344, but has on chip 4Kb Programmable/UV Erasable EPROM on board and with on-chip serial
communication controller for SDLC/HDLC.
The 8051 is the basic bare 8-bit CPU from Intel, it has 8-bit registers (one 16-bit register with special move instructions),
8-bit data bus and 2×16-bit address buses, program counter, data pointer. Four fast switchable register banks with eight registers memory mapped),
fast interrupt with optional register bank switching and selectable priority, 128 bytes of on-chip RAM (IRAM), three full) 8-bit bi-directional
input/output ports, bit addressable UART (serial port) and two 16-bit counter/timers. It is indeed a MCU chip.
The 8052 is the basic bare 8-bit CPU from Intel, it has 8-bit registers (one 16-bit register with special move instructions),
8-bit data bus and 2×16-bit address buses, program counter, data pointer. Four fast switchable register banks with eight registers memory mapped),
fast interrupt with optional register bank switching and selectable priority, three full) 8-bit bi-directional
input/output ports, bit addressable UART (serial port) and three 16-bit counter/timers. It is indeed a MCU chip. The 8052 was an enhanced version
of the original 8051 that features 256 bytes of internal RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 KB of ROM instead of 4 KB, and a third 16-bit timer. Most
modern 8051-compatible microcontrollers include these features.
The 8751 is an EPROM version of the 8051AH. It has 4 Kbytes of electrically programmable ROM which can be erased with ultraviolet light.
It is fully compatible with the 8051AH but incorporates s Program Memory Security bit that can be used to protect the EPROM against readout
In 1980 introduceerde Texas Intruments de SN76489 sound chip. It is a complex sound generator and has 3 programmeble tone generators,
a programmable white noise generator and programmeble attenuation.The SN76489 was originally designed to be used in the TI-99/4 computer,
where it was first called the TMS9919 and later SN94624, when it was sold outside of TI it was renamed to the SN76489.
Sega used this chip in the Sega Master System, Game Gear, and Sega Genesis game consoles. 
In 1980 Intel introduced the P80C152, an Universal Communications Controller based on the 8051 8-Bit microcontroller architecture. It had a
8K Factory Mask Programmable ROM and was intended as a Multi-Protocol Serial Communication controller for SDLC / HDLC, CSMA / CD and SDLC / HDLC
or User Definable Protocols, Full Duplex / Half Duplex extra I/O ports and much more. I have one because it is a 8051 based device.
In 1980 Intel introduced the 8237, a direct memory access (DMA) controller a part of the MCS 85 microprocessor family. It enables data transfer
between memory and the I/O with reduced load on the system’s main processor. The 8237 is a four-channel device that can be expanded to include
any number of DMA channel inputs. A single 8237 was used as the DMA controller in the original IBM PC and IBM XT. The IBM PC AT added another
8237 in master-slave configuration, increasing the number of DMA channels from four to seven.
In 1980 Commodore brought the VIC-20 computer on the market and it had a MOS6561(VIC video chip) on board. The history of this chip goes back to 1977
and it was Mos and Commodore that made the final version. Its features include: 16 kB address space for screen, character and color memory, 16 colors
two selectable character sizes, video resolution (176 × 184) VIC-20, although up to 256 × 280 is possible on PAL, 4 channel sound system (3 square wave
+ “white” noise + global volume setting), on-chip DMA, two 8-bit analog-to-digital converters, light pen support. Programmable characters are the only
way of creating graphics and animation on the VIC as the chip does not have sprites or an all-points-addressable bitmap mode.
The 80A is an 8-bit microprocessor that was manufactured by VEB Mikroelektronik in the German DDR. Production started in 1980 and the 80A is an unlicensed
clone of the Zilog Z80 microprocessor, also supporting illegal opcodes and bugs.
The Intel 8293 is a bidirectional transceiver and it was designed to interface the Intel 8291A GPIB Talker/Listener and the 8293 GPIB controller
for IEEE 488-1978 standard instrumentation. It can also be used as a standard three-state open collector bus transceiver.
In 1981 National Instruments introduced the TMS9914 a General Purpose Interface Bus Adapter. It is designed to implement all of the functions
define in the IEEE 488-1975 standard. It was one of the support chips of the TMS9900 processor, I do not know that much about this chip,
or where it was used.
I do not know the exact introduction date but calculating it should be around 1981 when NEC started to make Intel compatible chips. This chip is
a clock generator and driver for the Intel 8086 and 8088 processor and a replacement for the Intel 8284 chip. As I also collect variant of chips
I got one of these too, it is a small 18 pins chip.
The WD8250 from Western Digital is a programmable Asynchronous communication element (ACE) and it is used as a serial I/O device and can be used
in either polling of interrupt mode. It can be interfaced to most common microprocessors like the Z80, 8080, 8088 and 6800 and supports full double buffering.
In 1982 NEC also put a 8086 variant on the market, these processors were compatible with the original Intel 8086 processor from 1978. The 8086 was also called
iAPX 86 and it is a 16-bit microprocessor the 8086 was the base of all the x86 architecture that became Intel’s most successful line of processors. I have
used this processor a lot and the four 16-bit segment registers that allowed the 8086 CPU to access one megabyte of memory was a “pain in the ass” for a
lot of programmers. I used to replace the Intel processors with the NEC versions. 
In 1982 Motorola released the 68008 as an 8/32-bit microprocessor, it is a version of the standard Motorola 68000 with an 8-bit external data bus, as well as a
smaller address bus. The 68008 was available with 20 or 22 address lines (respective to 48-pin or 52-pin package) which allowed 1 MB or 4 MB address space versus
the 16 MB addressable on the 68000. The 68008 processor was designed to work with lower cost and simpler 8-bit memory systems, but this mad it also half as fast
as an standard 68000 processor, but still much faster than the 8-bit competitors.
In 1982 Motorola released the MC68010 processor as the successor to the Motorola 68000. This processor fixes several small flaws in the 68000, and adds a
few features. The 68010 is pin-compatible with the 68000, but is not 100% software compatible. In practice, the overall speed gain to a 68000 processor at
the same frequency is less than 10% and the 68010 was never as popular as the 68000.
In 1982 Intel introduced the 80186 processor (also known as the iAPX 186) it was based on the Intel 8086 and had a 16-bit external data bus multiplexed with a 20-bit
address bus. The 80188 variant, with an 8-bit external data bus was also available. The 80186 series was generally intended for embedded systems. The Original
IBM-PC was not hardware compatible with the 80186 to it changed the hardware to a IBM PC/AT. The processor was used in a lot of other PC’s too and I did a
lot of assembly / C programming for this processor.
In 1982 Intel also introduced the 80286 processor (also known as the iAPX 286) iut was based on the 8086 and 80186 CPU’s with separate, non-multiplexed address and
data buses and also the first with memory management and wide protection abilities. A good feature was that it was backward code compatible with the earlier
Intel 8086 and 8088 processors. The 80286 was used in the IBM PC/AT, introduced in 1984 and then widely used in most PC/AT compatible computers. I did a lot
of assembly / C programming for this processor.
In 1982 Intel also introduced the 80287 Floating-point Co-Processor, it is the math coprocessor for the Intel 80286 series of microprocessors. The x87 provides single-precision,
double-precision and 80-bit double-extended precision binary floating-point arithmetic as per the IEEE 754-1985 standard. By default, the x87 processors all
use 80-bit double-extended precision internally.
In 1982 Texas Instruments introduced the TMS9937 single chip video/controller, a 40 pin chip that could generate video timing signals for
standard and non-standard CRT monitors, both interlaced and non-interlaced. I don’t have that much information about this chip besides the datasheet.
I do not know exactly when this processor came out, but it was special produced for the Commodore 64 so I connected this processor to the date of the C64. The
MOS Technology 6510 is an 8-bit microprocessor and it is a slightly modified form of the very successful 6502. The primary change from the 6502 was the addition
of an 8-bit general purpose I/O port and the address bus could be made tristate. 
In 1983 NEC introduced the uPD71059 Interrupt Control Unit as a low power CMOS programmable interrupt controller for microcomputer system
and it can process eight interrupt requests allocating a priority level to each one. It transfers the interrupt with the highest priority
to the processor with interrupt address information. By cascading 8 slave it can process 64 interrupts.
In 1982 Intel was very active in the Ethernet standardization and implementation and they introduced a Ethernet controller chip for their 80186 and 80188
processors. I do not know the exact date of the chip, but when I read the history of Ethernet and Intel it should be around this year. It is a big chip
with 48 pins. It supported networks up to 10 Mb/s.
The AM29x305 is based on the Signetics N8X305, that’s was an improved version of the SMS300, a non-traditional design processor
that focused on manipulation of signals. It had 16-bit instructions, but operated on data 8 bits at a time. It had very limited
ways of accessing external memory was designed as perhaps the first DSP. AMD second sourced this processor.
In 1983 Yamaha produced the YM2149, a clone of the famous AY-3-8910 (see above) under license from General Instrument. This chip was also used in many home computers
as replacement of the AY-3-8910. The Yamaha YM2149 shares the same pinout as the AY-3-8910 with the minor difference that pin number 26 could halve the master
clock if pulled down. If not connected, as it would replace an AY-3-8910.
In 1983 Motola introduced the MC68230 (Parallel Interface/Timer) chip, a 64 dip chip in line with the big chips Motorola used to
make. It was a double buffered I/O chip for the MC68000 series processors, the I/O ports could be 8 or 16 bits wide and the
timer could be used for interrupts, wave generation, time measurements and watchdog timer.
In 1983 the EM83050H microcontroller was dedicated to be a keyboard encoder specially designed for IBM PC XT/AT and all compatible
machines. The EM83050H controls all scan codes, three LEDs status, scan timing and communications between the keyboard and PC. It
is easy to implement a high performance, low cost keyboard with the minimal external components.
In 1983 the Commodore 64 came on the market and it used the MOS906114-01 PLA chip. The PLA is used to make chip selection signals
to determine which chip should be connected to the data bus. Therefore, the PLA is responsible for dictating the memory map of the C64 and
enables the implementation of bank switching. Commodore engineer James Redfield said it was the “glue logic of connecting everything together”.
The chip was very sensitive and most defective on the Commodore 64, until a better version was released.
Nintendo created a custom version of the 6502 processor for their Famicon and NES consoles, also for a reason to protect them from clones of their console.
When the demand of consoles got very high they also got these chips from UMC in Taiwan. After a while UMC offered NES clone chips as a standard commercial
product and as Taiwan did not agree to any copyright agreement (worldwide) and they do not respect intellectual property, Nintendo had no recourse against
UMC. These chips are still available.
The AM8228 is a single chip System Controller Databus driver for the AM9080A Microcomputer system and the 8080A compatible processor. It generates
alle control signals for memory and I/O. Interrupt processing is done by means of a single vectored interrupt.
The Atmel AT89C2051 Processor was based on the Intel 8051 architecture but in a 20 pin dip case. I do not know when it first came out but I know that Atmel was
founded in 1984. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five
vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. It is used in several
digital clock designs. Even today this processor is still used and it still is available, but atmel was taken over by Microchip, so now most of these
chais are also available with the prefix STC. The AT89C2051 has 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, the AT89S52 has 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM,
the AT89S8253 has 12K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, the AT89C55 has 20K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM.
I have one AT89C2051 also a AT89S52, STC89C52RC and a AT89S8253 and a AT89C55 processor.
In 1984 NEC created the V20 as pin compatible with the Intel 8088 but much faster, I switched my 8088 processor in my PC to a V20 to gain some performance. The V20 was
also offered a mode that emulated an Intel 8080. Late 1984 Intel filed suit against NEC, claiming that the microcode in the V20 and V30 infringed its patents for the 8088
and 8086 processors. (See V30).
In 1984 NEC created the V30 as pin compatible with the Intel 8086 but much faster, I switched my 8086 processor in my PC to a V30 to gain some performance. The V30 was
also used in the Psion Series 3, the NEC PC-9801VM, the Olivetti PCS86 and in various arcade machines. Late 1984 Intel filed suit against NEC, claiming that the microcode
in the V20 and V30 infringed its patents for the 8088 and 8086 processors. In its ruling, the court determined that the microcode in the control store constitutes a
computer program, and so is protected by copyright but also determined that NEC did not simply copy Intel’s microcode, and that the microcode in the V20 and V30 was
sufficiently different from Intel’s to not infringe Intel’s patents. I still have one processor because of the wonderful history and this processors lawsuit established
the legality of reverse engineering. 
In 1984 Motorola introduced the 68HC11 8-bit microcontroller (µC) family, now produced by NXP Semiconductors. The 68HC11 is based on the Motorola 6800 microprocessor
and are used in automotive applications, barcode readers, hotel card key writers, robotics and various embedded systems. The MC68HC11A8 was the first microcontroller
to include CMOS EEPROM. The HC11 instruction set is backward compatible with the 6800 but has an extra Y index register and 16 Bits instructions and register combinations.
In 1984 Yamaha introduced the YM2203, also known as OPN a sound chip based on FM Operator technology. Is has a six channel (3 FM and 3 SSG)
sound channels and this chip was used in all kinds of videogame and computer systems throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. Internally it was
a variation of the Yamaha’s YM2149F SSG chip.
In 1984 the Oric Atmos compouter was released and it used a semi-custom ASIC (ULA) for the video display that also manages the interface between
the processor The two modes are a low resolution text mode, with a user defined characterset with 28 rows of 40 characters and a high resolution mode
with 200 rows of 240 pixels above three lines of text. In Bulgaria the Atmos was cloned named Pravetz 8D and I got my chip from Bulgaria.
In de Commodore 16 (1884) zat een TED chip, a video chip that also contained sound generation hardware, DRAM refresh circuitry, interval timers,
and keyboard input handling. It was designed for the Commodore Plus/4 and 16 and the packaging is 48-pin DIP. The video capabilities provided by
the TED were largely a subset of those in the VIC-II. The TED featured a simple tone generator that produced two channels of audio, the first channel
produced a square wave and the second could produce either a square wave or white noise. I do not have a datasheet only a reference to a wikipeadia page.
The MC2681 is a dual universal asynchonous receiver/transmitter (DUART) and it is a part of the MC6800 Family of peripherals and interfaces to the
MC68000 processor via a general purpous interface. The device also has a multypurpose 7-bit input port and a multypurpose 8-bit output port that can be
used as generel input/output ports but also can be assigned specific functions like clock inputs or status / interrupt outputs.
The MC68HC05C4 of Motorola is low-cost single-chip microcomputers. This 8-bit microcomputer contains an on-chip oscillator, 176 Bytes of On-Chip RAM,
4160 Bytes of On-Chip ROM, 24 Bidirectional 1/0 Lines, 16-Bit Timer, two Serial Communications Interfaces, it is similar to MC6800 and has Versatile
Interrupt Handling. It is a rathe small chip and the pins are very close together.
In 1984 Hitachi introduced the HD63484 ACRTC Advanced CRT Controller chip an improvement of the NEC µ7220, that was already a powerful graphics
controller. It could support a resolution up to 4096 × 4096 in a 1-bit mode within a 2 Mbyte display memory and was very popular and used in a lot
of terminals and PC graphics boards. When IBM introduced their EGA, this became the standard for mainstream PCs but anyone that wanted high-resolution,
bit-mapped graphics there was the Hitachi HD63484.
The UPB8282 (and UPB8283) are 8 bit latches with three-state output buffers. The 8282 is non-inverting and the 8283 inverts the inputs. These
chips were used to demultiplex the address / data lines on 8042, 8080, 8085 and 8086 processors.
In 1984 Freescal introduced the MC68701 microcontroller unit (MCU) a single chip microcomputer that was an enhanced version of the 6800 processor
and source and object code compatible with the Motorola 6800. It has and enhanced 6800 instructionset, 8 x 8 multiply instructiuon, serial
interface, 16 bit timer, 64 K addressing space, bus compatible with 6800, 2048 bytes of UV erasable Eprom and 128 bytes of internal ram,
29 I/O lines and internal clock generator.
The Mitsubishi M50955 is based on the Mitsubishi 740, also known as MELPS 740. This was a series of 8-bit CMOS microcontrollers with an
enhanced MOS Technology 6502 compatible core was primarily intended for single-chip implementations, and included optional RAM and ROM or
EPROM on-chip. Other additions included a variety of optional timers, input/output lines, and many other features. The M50955 was the
parts with internal Mask-ROM.
In 1985 Hitachi introduced the HD614023S based on the Hitachi HMCS40 family of 4-bit microcontrollers developed and introduced in the late 1970s. Two types of each chip
were manufactured, one using pMOS for low cost and another using CMOS where lower power was more desired. Hitachi later also introduce a replacement series called the
HMCS400. The chips contained 4-bit ALU performing BCD arithmetic. 512 to 2,048 Words of program ROM. Additional 128 Words of pattern ROM. 32 to 160 digits of data
RAM. Chips also contained Event/Timer-Counter and 22-44 I/O lines. Output was aimed for driving dot matrix Liquid Crystal displays. The HMCS40 was used in a very
large array of games, toys, controllers, and office equipment. 
In 1885 Yamaha introduced the YM3812, it was the first in the OPL family, providing a nine channel, two operator synthesizer. It was used in a Commodore 64 expansion,
the Sound Expander, as well as several arcade games, such as Terra Cresta and Bubble Bobble. A very closely related chip is the Y8950 or MSX-AUDIO, which was used
as an MSX expansion unit. It is in basic a YM3526 with ADPCM recording and playback capability. 
In 1885 Motorola introduced the MC68HC681 DUAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER DUART) to the M68000 Family of peripherals
and directly interfaces to the MC68000 processor via an asynchronous bus structure. The MC68HC681 consists of these major sections:
Internal Control Logic, Timing Logic, Interrupt Control Logic, Bidirectional 8-bit Data Bus Buffer, Two Independent Communication
Channels (A and B), 6-bit Parallel Input Port, 8-bit Parallel Output Port.
In 1986 AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) introduced the AM33C93A and enhanced SCSI bus interface controller. It was compatible with a lot
of microprocessors trough and 8 bit bus. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a set of standards for physically connecting and
transferring data between computers and peripheral devices such as disk drives.
In 1986 Intel introduced the P8052-Basic, a 8052 microcontroller with a complete full featured BASIC interpreter (MCS BASIC-52) in the 8K internal ROM.
A minimum amount of extra hardware is needed, one latch, 1Kb external memory and a serial driver is all you need to create a complete computer. And the
chip has all the features of the standard 8052 chip.
I can calculate this chip back to 1987. The TMP82C79P is programmeble keybaod / display interface, the keyboard part can scan up to 64 keys in a matrix, the
display part has 16 x 8 bits display ram, that can be treated as dual 16 x 4 bits. The scan lines are used for the keys as well as for the diplays.
The D71054C is a programmable time/counter designed for timing control in microcomputers. It has three independed 16 bit counters, six count
modes for each counter, binary or BCD count modes, and interrupt capabilities.
The UB8002D is an 16-bit microprocessor that was manufactured by VEB Mikroelektronik in the German DDR. Production started in 1980
yje chip I have is from 1989. The UN8002 is an unlicensed clone of the Zilog Z8002 microprocessor, ant it is said that it also
supported illegal opcodes and bugs.
The TMP47C432AP is a 4-bit microprocessor made by Toshiba and all I know is that it was used in Philips color TV’s. It has a D/A converter and a PWM output, it
has 89 basic instructions, 6 interrupt sources, an interval times and 2 12-bit counters, serial interface and LCD driver. 
The TMS390 (from 1992) was a SuperSPARC microprocessor that implements the SPARC V8 instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Sun Microsystems.
The SuperSPARC contains 3.1 million transistors and was fabricated by Texas Instruments. SuperSPARC CPU modules are used in both the SPARCstation 10
and SPARCstation 20.
In 1994 National Semiconductors released the COP888xG family, an 8-Bit CMOS ROM Based Microcontrollers with 4k to 24k Memory, Comparators and USART. Family features
include an 8-bit memory mapped architecture, 10 MHz CKI with 1µs instruction cycle, three multifunction 16-bit timer/counters, full-duplex USART, MICROWIRE/PLUS™
serial I/O, two Analog comparators, two power saving HALT/IDLE modes, idle timer, MIWU, high current outputs, software selectable I/O options, WATCHDOG™ timer and
Clock Monitor, low EMI 2.5V to 5.5V operation, and 28/40/44 pin packages. 
First introduced in 1997 the Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM,
23 general-purpose I/O lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, 3 flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter, programmable watchdog timer with internal
oscillator. The device operates between 1.8 and 5.5 volts. This processor became famous as the Arduino processor. It is a very powerful little controller,
I really love it.
The Atmegs32A processor is the BIG 40 pins brother of all the ATMega processors, it has 32 kb flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB
SRAM, 54/69 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, 3 flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter, programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator.
The device operates between 1.8 and 5.5 volts. This processor has al lot of I/O lines and is very easy to use, but a little dificult to ISP program, I use a eprom programmer.
In 1998 Microchip introduced the PIC 16Fxxx series, a flash programmable and erasable version of its successful serial programmable PIC16Cxxxx series and in 2001, Microchip
introduced even more Flash programmable devices. PIC is a registered trademarks of Microchip Technology and it stands for Peripheral Interface Controller and nowadays
for Programmable Intelligent Computer. I read that Microchip was shipping over one billion PIC microcontrollers every year. The processors have a limited RISC architecture
instruction range and are simple and very fast. It is used in a lot of embedded systems and I am only recently using some of these chips. They are cheap and very
powerful. I have two types the 40 pins DIL PIC16F877 and the 28 pins DIL PIC16F876.
The Attiny85 microcontroller. The first members of this family were released in 1999 by Atmel, it is a little 8 pin chip with a very complete 8-bit AVR® RISC-based
microcontroller on board with 8 KB Flash memory, 512B EEPROM, 512B SRAM, six general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, one 8-bit timer/counter
with compare modes, one 8-bit high-speed timer/counter, USI, internal and external Interrupts, 4-channel 10-bit A/D converter, programmable watchdog timer with
internal oscillator. It is a very powerful little controller, I really love it.
In 2002 Sino Wealth introduced the H6610C-based single-chip 4-bit micro-controller the SH69P25K. It has 4096 x 16 bits rom, 160 x 4 bits ram,
22 CMOS bi-directional I/O pins, 4-level subroutine nesting (including interrupts) and one 8-bit auto re-load timer/counter. As far as I know it is used in medical equipment.
In 2005 Freescale introduced the MC68HC908QY4. it is a member of the low-cost, high-performance M68HC08 Family of 8-bit microcontroller units (MCUs).
The M68HC08 Family is a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) with a Von Neumann architecture. All MCUs in the family use the enhanced M68HC08
central processor unit (CPU08) and are available with a variety of modules, memory sizes and types, and package types.
In 2005 Freescale introduced the XC68HC705DGP. it is is an EPROM version of the MC68HC05P6 microcontroller. It is a combination of an
M68HC05 Family microprocessor with a 4-channel, 8-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, a 16-bit timer with output compare and input
capture, a serial communications port (SIOP), and a (COP) watchdog timer. The M68HC05 CPU core contains 176 bytes of RAM, 4672 bytes of
user EPROM, 239 bytes of bootloader ROM, and 21 input/output (I/O) pins.
The STC15W201S processor is based on the Intel 8051 architecture but in a 16 pin dip case. I do not know when it first came out. The STC15W201S is produced
in China by STC and is very cheap and fast. It provides the following standard features: 1K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, several I/O lines, two 16-bit
timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. There are several development boards build in China and it is used in several Chinese products. Even today this processor is still used
and it still is available.
The TM58P10 is kind of a mysterious MCU, there is nothing to find about this chip, except some Chinese documents and I found out It is an 8-Bit
Microcontroller with 1K x 14 bits Rom, 33 x 8 bits Ram and 4 Stack Levels. I keep looking for information.
The SN8P2604AK is also a kind of a mysterious MCU, there is not much to find about this chip, except a Datasheet. I found out It is an 8-Bit
Microcontroller with 4K x 16 bits Rom, 128 x 8 bits Ram and 8 Stack Levels. I keep looking for information.
This is as Western Digital chip and the datasheet says it is a 16 bit processor with a 24 bit addressbus and it has a fallback mode that is
fully compatible with the 6502 core. I have one but I do not know anything about this chip.
The TMP87CM38N is a 8 bit MCU from Toshiba, it is a high speed and high performance 8-bit single chip microcomputer. It contains a CPU,
ROM, RAM, I/O ports, six multifunction timer/counters, a serial interface, on-screen display, PWM, 8-bit AD converter
and a remote control signal preprocessor on a single chip. It is a small chip and the pins are very close together. Except of the datasheet
I do not have any farther information on this chip.
As you can read on other pages, I am a reasonable fan of the Z80 processor. The Z80 is officially an 8 bit processor but also has registers that can be used as a pair as a 16 bit register. That’s why I was surprised to read that the Z80 actually has a 4-bit ALU (Arithmetic logic unit). How that works I try to explain on this page. The makers of the Z80 are already dropping something about this in a 
Some people collect old computer systems, I did too but space becomes an issue very soon. Its easier to collect the different microprocessors and support chips and so I decided to do that. Sometimes it is hard to get an old microprocessor, sometimes you can still buy them. But a lot of old microprocessors I get from disassembling old computer boards. Some microprocessors are special to me and they have their own page on this website. I also try to tell something about these processors and try to link to other information like wikipeadia and datasheets that I also collect. The collection is organized according to the first year the microprocessor came out.
